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<h1 >心电图</h1>
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本词条由<a href="http://www.baikemy.com/" target="_blank" class="nslog:7140">国家卫健委权威医学科普项目传播网络平台/百科名医网</a>
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<div class="lemma-summary" label-module="lemmaSummary">
<div class="para" label-module="para">心电图（ECG或者EKG）是利用心电图机从体表记录心脏每一心动周期所产生的电活动变化图形的技术。</div>
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<dt>中文名</dt>
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心电图
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<dt>外文名</dt>
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electrocardiogram，ECG
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<h4 class="desTitleH4" title="哮喘患者心电图检查有必要吗？">哮喘患者心电图检查有必要吗？</h4>
<p class="desText" title="重度哮喘患者，尤其老年哮喘和伴发高血压、冠心病的患者，有必要检查心电图。">重度哮喘患者，尤其老年哮喘和伴发高血压、冠心病的患者，有必要检查心电图。</p>
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<h2>科普中国</h2>
<p class="con_text">致力于权威的科学传播</p>
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<h3>本词条认证专家为</h3>
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<p><span class="con_docName">张媛</span>丨<span>副教授</span></p>
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<span class="margin_r_4">北京大学第三医院 心血管内科</span>
<span class="docReview bk-editable-edit">撰写</span>
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<h2 class="block-title">目录</h2>
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<li class="level1">
<span class="index">1</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1">历史</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">2</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#2">心电图产生的原理</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">3</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#3">心电图导联</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level1">
<span class="index">4</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#4">心电图各导联名称及正负极的构成</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">5</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#5">心电图记录纸</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level1">
<span class="index">6</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6">心电图各波及波段的组成</a></span>
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<li class="level1">
<span class="index">7</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#7">心电向量轴</a></span>
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<span class="index">8</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8">心电图的应用</a></span>
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<h2 class="headline-1 custom-title ">
<span class="headline-content">基本信息</span>
</h2><div class="basic-info cmn-clearfix">
<dl class="basicInfo-block basicInfo-left">
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">中文名</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
心电图
</dd>
</dl><dl class="basicInfo-block basicInfo-right">
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">外文名</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
electrocardiogram，ECG
</dd>
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<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub20611_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="历史" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">心电图</span>历史</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1842年法国科学家Mattencci首先发现了心脏的电活动；1872年Muirhead记录到心脏波动的电信号。1885年荷兰生理学家W.Einthoven首次从体表记录到心电波形，当时是用毛细静电计，1910年改进成弦线电流计。由此开创了体表心电图记录的历史。1924年Einthoven获诺贝尔医学生物学奖。经过100多年的发展，今日的心电图机日臻完善。不仅记录清晰、抗干扰能力强、而且便携、并具有自动分析诊断功能。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-center" style="width:500px; float: none; display: block; margin: 0px auto; clear: both;">
<a class="image-link" nslog-type="9317" 
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		title="" style="width:500px;height:315px;">
<img  class="lazy-img" src="" data-src="https://gss2.bdstatic.com/9fo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D500/sign=b49fa6a67bd98d1072d40c31113eb807/574e9258d109b3de06c0d432cbbf6c81800a4c68.jpg"  alt="" style="width:500px;height:315px;"/>
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</div></div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub20611_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="心电图产生的原理" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">心电图</span>心电图产生的原理</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">心肌细胞膜是半透膜，静息状态时，膜外排列一定数量带正电荷的阳离子，膜内排列相同数量带负电荷的阴离子，膜外电位高于膜内，称为极化状态。静息状态下，由于心脏各部位心肌细胞都处于极化状态，没有电位差，电流记录仪描记的电位曲线平直，即为体表心电图的等电位线。心肌细胞在受到一定强度的刺激时，细胞膜通透性发生改变，大量阳离子短时间内涌入膜内，使膜内电位由负变正，这个过程称为除极。对整体心脏来说，心肌细胞从心内膜向心外膜顺序除极过程中的电位变化，由电流记录仪描记的电位曲线称为除极波，即体表心电图上心房的P波和心室的QRS波。细胞除极完成后，细胞膜又排出大量阳离子，使膜内电位由正变负，恢复到原来的极化状态，此过程由心外膜向心内膜进行，称为复极。同样心肌细胞复极过程中的电位变化，由电流记录仪描记出称为复极波。由于复极过程相对缓慢，复极波较除极波低。心房的复极波低、且埋于心室的除极波中，体表心电图不易辨认。心室的复极波在体表心电图上表现为T波。整个心肌细胞全部复极后，再次恢复极化状态，各部位心肌细胞间没有电位差，体表心电图记录到等电位线。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="3" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub20611_3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="心电图导联" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">心电图</span>心电图导联</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">心脏是一个立体的结构，为了反应心脏不同面的电活动，在人体不���部位放置电极，以记录和反应心脏的电活动。心脏电极的安放部位如下表。在行常规心电图检查时，通常只安放4个肢体导联电极和V<sub>1</sub>～V<sub>6</sub>6个胸前导联电极，记录常规12导联心电图。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;" ><b>体表电极名称及安放位置</b></div>
<table log-set-param="table_view" class="table-view log-set-param"><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="68"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" ><b>电极名称</b></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="180"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" ><b>电极位置</b></div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="68"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >LA</div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="180"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >左上肢</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="68"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >RA</div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="180"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >右上肢</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="68"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >LL</div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="180"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >左下肢</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="68"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >RL</div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="180"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >右下肢</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="68"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>1</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="180"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >第4肋间隙胸骨右缘</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="68"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>2</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="180"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >第4肋间隙胸骨左缘</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="68"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>3</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="180"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>2</sub>导联和V<sub>4</sub>导联之间</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="68"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>4</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="180"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >第5肋间隙左锁骨中线上</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="68"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>5</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="180"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >第5肋间隙左腋前线上</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="68"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>6</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="180"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >第5肋间隙左腋中线上</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="68"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>7</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="180"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >第5肋间隙左腋后线上</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="68"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>8</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="180"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >第5肋间隙左肩胛下线上</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="68"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>9</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="180"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >第5肋间隙左脊柱旁线上</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="68"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>3r</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="180"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>1</sub>导联和V<sub>4r</sub>导联之间</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="68"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>4r</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="180"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >第5肋间隙右锁骨中线上</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="68"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>5r</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="180"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >第5肋间隙右腋前线上</div>
</td></tr></table><div class="para" label-module="para">两两电极之间或电极与中央电势端之间组成一个个���同的导联，通过导联线与心电图机电流计的正负极相连，记录心脏的电活动。两个电极之间组成了双极导联，一个导联为正极，一个导联为负极。双极肢体导联包括Ⅰ导联，Ⅱ导联和Ⅲ导联；电极和中央电势端之间构成了单极导联，此时探测电极为正极，中央电势端为负极。avR、avL、avF、V<sub>1</sub>、V<sub>2</sub>、V<sub>3</sub>、V<sub>4</sub>、V<sub>5</sub>、和V<sub>6</sub>导联均为单极导联。由于avR、avL、avF远离心脏，以中央电端为负极时记录的电位差太小，因此负极为除探查电极以外的其他两个肢体导联的电位之和的均值。由于这样记录增加了avR、avL、avF导联的电位，因此这些导联也被称为加压单极肢体导联。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="4" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub20611_4" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="心电图各导联名称及正负极的构成" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">心电图</span>心电图各导联名称及正负极的构成</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;" ><b>心电图各导联连接示意图</b></div>
<table log-set-param="table_view" class="table-view log-set-param" width="352"><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >导联名称</div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >正极</div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >负极</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >I</div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >LA</div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >RA</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >II</div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >LL</div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >RA</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >III</div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >LL</div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >LA</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >avR</div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >RA</div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >1/2（LA+LL）</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >avL</div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >LA</div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >1/2（RA+LL）</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >avF</div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >LL</div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >1/2（LA+RA）</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>1</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>1</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >中央电势端</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>2</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>2</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >中央电势端</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>3</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>3</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >中央电势端</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>4</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>4</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >中央电势端</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>5</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>5</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >中央电势端</div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>6</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >V<sub>6</sub></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="95"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" >中央电势端</div>
</td></tr></table><div class="para" label-module="para">肢体导联系统反映心脏电位投影在矢状面情况。包括Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、avR、avL和avF导联。胸前导联系统反映心脏电位投影水平面情况包括：V<sub>1</sub>、V<sub>2</sub>、V<sub>3</sub>、V<sub>4</sub>、V<sub>5</sub>、V<sub>6</sub>导联。进一步将这些导联分组，以反应心脏不同部位的电活动。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:center;" ><b>心电图导联的分组图示</b></div>
<table log-set-param="table_view" class="table-view log-set-param" width="592"><tr><td width="96" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" >I高侧壁导联</div>
</td><td width="97" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" >avR</div>
</td><td width="96" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" >V<sub>1</sub>前间壁导联</div>
</td><td width="92" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" >V<sub>4</sub>前壁导联</div>
</td><td width="92" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" >V<sub>7</sub>正后壁导联</div>
</td><td width="92" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" >V<sub>3r</sub>右室导联</div>
</td></tr><tr><td width="96" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" >II下壁导联</div>
</td><td width="97" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" >avL高侧壁导联</div>
</td><td width="96" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" >V<sub>2</sub>前间壁导联</div>
</td><td width="92" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" >V<sub>5</sub>左侧壁导联</div>
</td><td width="92" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" >V<sub>8</sub>正后壁导联</div>
</td><td width="92" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" >V<sub>4r</sub>右室导联</div>
</td></tr><tr><td width="96" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" >III下壁导联</div>
</td><td width="97" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" >avF下壁导联</div>
</td><td width="96" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" >V<sub>3</sub>前壁导联</div>
</td><td width="92" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" >V<sub>6</sub>左侧壁导���</div>
</td><td width="92" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" >V<sub>9</sub>正后壁导联</div>
</td><td width="92" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" >V<sub>5r</sub>右室导联</div>
</td></tr></table><div class="para" label-module="para">中央电势端：也称威尔森中央电端，是通过一个电阻网络将RA，LA，LL电极连接而产生的，代表了身体的平均电压。这个电压接近于极大值（即0）。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="5" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub20611_5" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="心电图记录纸" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">心电图</span>心电图记录纸</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">心电图记录的是电压随时间变化的曲线。心电图记录在坐标纸上，坐标纸为由1mm宽和1mm高的小格组成。横坐标表示时间，纵坐标表示电压。通常采用25mm/s纸速记录，1小格=1mm=0.04秒。纵坐标电压1小格=1mm=0.1mv。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="6" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub20611_6" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="心电图各波及波段的组成" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">心电图</span>心电图各波及波段的组成</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>1.P波</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">正常心脏的电激动从窦房结开始。由于窦房结位于右心房与上腔静脉的交界处，所以窦房结的激动首先传导到右心房，通过房间束传到左心房，形成心电图上的P波。P波代表了心房的激动，前半部代表右心房激动，后半部代表左心房的激动。P波时限为0.12秒，高度为0.25mv。当心房扩大，两房间传导出现异常时，P波可表现为高尖或双峰的P波。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>2.PR间期</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">激动沿前中后结间束传导到房室结。由于房室结传导速度缓慢，形成了心电图上的PR段，也称PR间期。正常PR间期在0.12～0.20秒。当心房到心室的传导出现阻滞，则表现为PR间期的延长或P波之后心室波消失。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>3.QRS波群</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">激动向下经希氏束、左右束枝同步激动左右心室形成QRS波群。QRS波群代表了心室的除极，激动时限小于0.11秒。当出现心脏左右束枝的传导阻滞、心室扩大或肥厚等情况时，QRS波群出现增宽、变形和时限延长。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>4.J点</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">QRS波结束，ST段开始的交点。代表心室肌细胞全部除极完毕。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>5.ST段</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">心室肌全部除极完成，复极尚未开始的一段时间。此时各部位的心室肌都处于除极状态，细胞之间并没有电位差。因此正常情况下ST段应处于等电位线上。当某部位的心肌出现缺血或坏死的表现，心室在除极完毕后仍存在电位差，此时表现为心电图上ST段发生偏移。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>6.T波</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">之后的T波代表了心室的复极。在QRS波主波向上的导联，T波应与QRS主波方向相同。心电图上T波的改变受多种因素的影响。例如心肌缺血时可表现为T波低平倒置。T波的高耸可见于高血钾、急性心肌梗死的超急期等。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>7.U波</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">某些导联上T波之后可见U波，目前认为与心室的复极有关。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>8.QT间期</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">代表了心室从除极到复极的时间。正常QT间期为0.44秒。由于QT间期受心率的影响，因此引入了矫正的QT间期（QTC）的概念。其中一种计算方法为QTc=QT/√RR。QT间期的延长往往与恶性心律失常的发生相关。</div>
<table log-set-param="table_view" class="table-view log-set-param"><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="118"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" ><b>心电图波段</b></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="293"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" ><b>相应心电活动的意义</b></div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="118"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" ><b>P</b><b>波</b></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="293"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" ><b>心房除极</b></div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="118"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" ><b>PR</b><b>间期</b></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="293"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" ><b>房室传导时间</b></div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="118"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" ><b>QRS</b><b>波群</b></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="293"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" ><b>心室除极</b></div>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" width="118"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" ><b>ST</b><b>段</b></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="293"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" ><b>心室除极完成</b></div>
</td></tr><tr><td width="118" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" ><b>T</b><b>波</b></div>
</td><td width="293" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" ><b>心室复极化</b></div>
</td></tr><tr><td width="118" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" ><b>U</b><b>波</b></div>
</td><td width="293" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" ><b>可能复极化有关</b></div>
</td></tr><tr><td width="118" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" ><b>QT</b><b>间期</b></div>
</td><td width="293" valign="top"><div class="para" label-module="para" style="text-align:left;text-align:left;" ><b>心室除极到完全复极的时间</b></div>
</td></tr></table><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="7" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub20611_7" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="心电向量轴" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">心电图</span>心电向量轴</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">心电轴的测量方法主要包括目测法、作图法和查表法。下表是应用目测法评估心电轴的方向。心脏是一个立体的结构，由无数心肌细胞组成。心脏在除极与复极过程中会产生很多不同方向电偶向量。把不同方向的电偶向量综合成一个向量，构成整个心脏的综合心电向量。心脏向量是一个立体的，有额面、矢状面和水平面的分向量。临床上常用的是心室除极过程中投影在额状面上的分向量的方向。帮助判断心脏电活动是否正常。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">额面电轴采用六轴系统。坐标采用±180°的角度标志，以左侧为0°，顺钟向的角度为正，逆钟向者为负。每个导联从中心点被分为正负两半，每个相邻导联间的夹角为30°。如果QRS波额面电轴落在0～+90°为电轴正常；0～-30°为电轴轻度左偏；-30°～-90°为电轴明显左偏；+90°～+180°为电轴右偏；+180°～+270°电轴极度右偏。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">心电轴的测量方法主要包括目测法、作图法和查表法。下表是应用目测法评估心电轴的方向。</div>
<table log-set-param="table_view" class="table-view log-set-param" width="100%"><tr><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">心电轴偏移</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">Ⅰ</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">Ⅱ</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">Ⅲ</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">心电轴值范围</sup></b></div>
</td></tr><tr><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">正常</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">+</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">+</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">+</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">0</sup></b><b><sup class="normal">～+90°</sup></b></div>
</td></tr><tr><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">轻度左偏</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">+</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">+</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">—</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">0</sup></b><b><sup class="normal">～-30°</sup></b></div>
</td></tr><tr><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">明显左偏</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">+</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">—</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">—</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">-30°</sup></b><b><sup class="normal">～-90°</sup></b></div>
</td></tr><tr><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">电轴右偏</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">—</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">±</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">+</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">+90°</sup></b><b><sup class="normal">～+180°</sup></b></div>
</td></tr><tr><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">电轴极度右偏</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">—</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">—</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">—</sup></b></div>
</td><td><div class="para" label-module="para"><b><sup class="normal">+180°</sup></b><b><sup class="normal">～+270°</sup></b></div>
</td></tr></table><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="8" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub20611_8" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="心电图的应用" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">心电图</span>心电图的应用</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">心电图是临床最常用的检查之一，应用广泛。应用范围包括：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1.记录人体正常心脏的电活动。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2.帮助诊断心律失常。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3.帮助诊断心肌缺血、心肌梗死及部位。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">4.诊断心脏扩大、肥厚。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">5.判断药物或电解质情况对心脏的影响。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">6.判断人工心脏起搏状况。<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="1-3">
[1-3]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[1-3]_20611">&nbsp;</a>
</div>
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<span>解读词条背后的知识</span>
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心电图的由来及应用范围
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<a href="/tashuo/browse/content?id=56526503b26f63aadefd38d7&lemmaId=&fromLemmaModule=pcBottom" target="_blank">
心电图（ECG或者EKG）是利用心电图机从体表记录心脏每一心动周期所产生的电活动变化图形的技术。1885年荷兰生理学家W.Einthoven首次从体表记录到心电波形，当时是用毛细静电计，1910年改进成弦线电流计。由此开创了体表心电图记录的历史。今日的心电图机日臻完善。不仅...</a>
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<span class="tashuo-publish-date">2017-10-13</span><span class="tashuo-like J-like " data-isvote="0"><i></i><strong class="J-number">30</strong></span>
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<span class="index">1.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor"  name="refIndex_1_20611" id="refIndex_1_20611" title="向上跳转" href="#ref_[1]_20611">&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>
<span class="text">[1]心电图学，郭继鸿主编，人民卫生出版社，2005.</span>
</li><li class="reference-item reference-item--type3 " id="reference-[2]-20611-wrap">
<span class="index">2.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor"  name="refIndex_2_20611" id="refIndex_2_20611" title="向上跳转" href="#ref_[2]_20611">&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>
<span class="text">[2]马里奥特实用心电图学（第十版），李为民，傅世英译，黑龙江科学技术出版社，2002.</span>
</li><li class="reference-item reference-item--type3 " id="reference-[3]-20611-wrap">
<span class="index">3.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor"  name="refIndex_3_20611" id="refIndex_3_20611" title="向上跳转" href="#ref_[3]_20611">&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>
<span class="text">[3]301临床心电图学，卢喜烈，科学技术文献出版社，2010.</span>
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}).on('click', 'a', function() {
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});
}();
!function(){                var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
                var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

                // 展现策略
                rightCheck.editView('399200', function(res) {
                    if (!res.errno) {
                        if (res.data.edit) {
                            $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .add-subLemma').css('display', 'inline-block');
                            $('.top-tool .add-sub-icon').css('display', 'inline-block');
                        }
                    } else {
                        if ('') {
                            $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .add-subLemma').css('display', 'inline-block');
                            $('.top-tool .add-sub-icon').css('display', 'inline-block');
                        }
                    }
                });
                require('wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/addSub/addSub.js')({                    lemmaId: '399200',                    lemmaTitle: '心电图',                    lemmaDesc: '',                    versionId: '122074719',                    subLemmaId: '20611'                });
            }();
!function(){        var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
        var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

        // 展现策略
        rightCheck.editView('399200', function(res) {
            if (!res.errno) {
                if (res.data.divide) {
                    $('.top-tool .split-icon').css('display', 'block');
                }
            }
        });
    }();
!function(){    var nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');
	require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/collect/collect"],function(collect){
		collect({
            newLemmaId:"399200",
			lemmaId:"20611",
			subLemmaId:"20611"
		});
	});
}();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/topShare/topShare"],function(topShare){
        topShare({
            newLemmaId: '399200'
        });
    });
}();
!function(){    require('wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/pinyin/lemmaPinyin')({
        lemmaTitle: '心电图',
        pinyin: 'xīn diàn tú'
    });

   var nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');
   nslog(10000105);

}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('399200', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').css('display', 'inline-block');
                // 编辑和申请本人实名验证保证同一行展示
                if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').length > 0) {
                  if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').offset().left > $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').offset().left) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').before('<br/><br/>');
                  }
                }
            } else {
                $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').show();
                // 锁定和申请本人实名验证保证同一行展示
                if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').length > 0) {
                  if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').offset().left > $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').offset().left) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').before('<br/><br/>');
                  }
                }
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').css('display', 'inline-block');
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                if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').length > 0) {
                  if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').offset().left > $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').offset().left) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').before('<br/><br/>');
                  }
                }
            } else {
                $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').show();
                // 锁定和申请本人实名验证保证同一行展示
                if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').length > 0) {
                  if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').offset().left > $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').offset().left) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').before('<br/><br/>');
                  }
                }
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');

    var videoList = [];
    for (var i in videoList) {
        switch (videoList[i].source) {
            case 'iqiyi':
                nslog(1001951);
                break;
            case 'letv':
                nslog(1001952);
                break;
            case 'kankan':
                nslog(1001953);
                break;
            case 'youku':
                nslog(1001954);
                break;
            case 'hunantv':
                nslog(1001955);
                break;
            case 'tencent':
                nslog(1001956);
                break;
            case 'pptv':
                nslog(1001957);
                break;
        }
    }
}();
!function(){    var $ = require("wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery");
    var scrollTo = require('wiki-common:widget/util/scrollTo');

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        var tabIndex = $(this)[0].getAttribute('_tabIndex');
        if(!!tabIndex) {
            $('.tabCards .'+tabIndex).click();
            scrollTo(parseInt($('.tabCards').offset().top) - 50);
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var tabCard = require('wiki-lemma:widget/feature/common/tabCard/tabCard');
    tabCard.init([{"tabType":"defaultTab","tabName":"\u75be\u75c5\u6982\u51b5","isShow":true,"pageUrl":"","height":0,"isScroll":true},{"tabType":"me_articleTab","tabName":"\u79d1\u666e\u6587\u7ae0","isShow":true,"pageUrl":"","height":0,"isScroll":true}]);
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');
    nslog(10002701);
    $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaCatalog a').on('click', function () {
           nslog(10002702);
    });
}();
!function(){	require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/basicInfo/basicInfo')();
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('399200', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('399200', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('399200', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('399200', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('399200', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('399200', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('399200', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('399200', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/tashuo/tashuo"],function(init){
        init();
    });
}();
!function(){		require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaReference/lemmaReference","wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaReference/lemmaReferenceTip/lemmaReferenceTip"],function(Reference,ReferenceTip){
			new Reference({
				subLemmaId:"20611"
			});
			new ReferenceTip({
				subLemmaId:"399200",
				lemmaTitle:"心电图",
				reference:[{"type":"3","text":"[1]\u5fc3\u7535\u56fe\u5b66\uff0c\u90ed\u7ee7\u9e3f\u4e3b\u7f16\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u536b\u751f\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2005.","index":1},{"type":"3","text":"[2]\u9a6c\u91cc\u5965\u7279\u5b9e\u7528\u5fc3\u7535\u56fe\u5b66\uff08\u7b2c\u5341\u7248\uff09\uff0c\u674e\u4e3a\u6c11\uff0c\u5085\u4e16\u82f1\u8bd1\uff0c\u9ed1\u9f99\u6c5f\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2002.","index":2},{"type":"3","text":"[3]301\u4e34\u5e8a\u5fc3\u7535\u56fe\u5b66\uff0c\u5362\u559c\u70c8\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2010.","index":3}]
			});
		});
	}();
!function(){        require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery"],function($){
            function openTagToggle(node) {
                if ($(node).hasClass("collapse")) {
                    $(node).removeClass("collapse");
                    $("#open-tag").css("height", '22px');
                } else {
                    $(node).addClass("collapse");
                    $("#open-tag").css("height", $("#open-tag-item").css("height"));
                }
            }
            if (parseInt($("#open-tag-item").css("height")) <= 30) {
                $('#open-tag-collapse').hide();
            }
            $("#open-tag-collapse").on("click", function () {
                openTagToggle($("#open-tag")[0]);
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){    require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/configModule/tab/articleList/articleList')();
}();
!function(){        var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
        
        var title = $('.me_articleTab i span').text();
        $('.me_articleTab i span').text(title + ' (' + '4' + ')');
    }();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightTashuo/rightTashuo"],function(init){
        init({
            lemmaId: 399200,
            lemmaTitle: '心电图'
        });
    });
}();
!function(){        require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/configModule/zhixin/zhixin')(
            399200,
            '心电图'
        );
    }();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaStatistics/lemmaStatistics"],function(init){
        init({
            newLemmaIdEnc:"4ca32cfeccdf7d053540f63c"
        });
    });
}();
!function(){	require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/sideCatalog/sideCatalog"],function(SideCatalog){
		new SideCatalog();
	});
}();
!function(){        require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/fengchao/fengchao","wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/unionAd/unionAd"], function (init, unionAd) {
            init({
                newLemmaId: "399200",
                lemmaTitle: "心电图",
                encodeLemmaTitle: "%D0%C4%B5%E7%CD%BC",
                adManager: {"pcFengchaoRight":0,"wapBaiduYouxuan":0,"pcRelatedBusiness":0,"personalClaim":0,"wapRelatedBusiness":1,"albumCoverFirstJumpAd":0,"albumCoverSecondJumpAd":0}
            }, {
                errFn: unionAd,
                dom: $('#side_box_unionAd')
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/guessLike/guessLike'], function (app) {
            app.init({
                lemmaTitle: '心电图',
                adManager: {"pcFengchaoRight":0,"wapBaiduYouxuan":0,"pcRelatedBusiness":0,"personalClaim":0,"wapRelatedBusiness":1,"albumCoverFirstJumpAd":0,"albumCoverSecondJumpAd":0}
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){            require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/bottomAd/bottomAd'], function (init) {
                init({
                    sId: 'BOTTOM_PRO_AD',
                    adManager: {"pcFengchaoRight":0,"wapBaiduYouxuan":0,"pcRelatedBusiness":0,"personalClaim":0,"wapRelatedBusiness":1,"albumCoverFirstJumpAd":0,"albumCoverSecondJumpAd":0}
                });
            });
        }();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var Dialog = require("wiki-common:widget/ui/dialog/dialog");
    var userLogin = require('wiki-common:widget/component/userLogin/userLogin');
    var unameFiller = require('wiki-common:widget/component/unameFiller/unameFiller');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

            var isEnterprise = false;
        var enterpriseOwnerUserId = 0;
    
    var userId = 0;
    var editUrl = '/edit/' + encodeURIComponent('心电图') + '/' + '399200';
    var pgcUrl = '/enterprise/editpgc?lemmaId=399200';

    userLogin.regist({
        onLogin: function(user) {
            userId = user ? user.uid : 0;
        }
    });

    function gotoEdit(url, isMidNight) {
        if (isMidNight) {
            Dialog.alert({
                title: '编辑提示',
                subMsg: '晚23:00至次日8:00，因审核系统例行维护，您提交的版本可能需要较长时间才能通过，望您谅解。',
                onConfirm: function() {
                    window.location.href = url;
                }
            });
        } else {
            window.location.href = url;
        }    
    }

    function showChoseEditDialog(pgcCallback, ugcCallback) {
        new Dialog({
            title: '编辑提示',
            subMsg: '<p>您已开通企业百科服务，推荐您直接编辑“官方资料”，官方资料仅限企业百科绑定的百科账号修改，其他用户账号不可修改。</p><p>如果您想修改其他网友编辑的普通词条内容，请注意遵守百科百科编辑规则。<p>',
            btns: [{
            key: 'pgc',
            text: '编辑官方资料'
            }, {
            style: 'white',
            text: '修改普通词条',
            key: 'ugc'
            }],
            onBtnClick: function(btnKey){
                if (btnKey === 'pgc') {
                    pgcCallback && pgcCallback();
                } else if (btnKey === 'ugc') {
                    ugcCallback && ugcCallback();
                }
            }
        }).show();
    }

    function checkUserLegal(res) {
        var legal = false;
        switch (res.errno) {
            case 100001:
                userLogin.showLoginPop();
                break;
            case 100006:
                unameFiller.show();
                break;
            default:
                legal = true;
        }
        return true;
    }

    function checkUgc(res, url) {
        if (res.errno) {
            switch (res.errno) {
                case 100005:
                    alert('对不起，您目前被封禁');
                    break;
                case 110001:
                    alert('对不起，该词条被锁定');
                    break;
                case 110007:
                    alert('对不起，消歧页无法编辑');
                    break;
                case 110005:
                    Dialog.alert({
                    title: '编辑提示',
                    mainMsg: '对不起，您暂时没有权限编辑该词条。',
                    subMsg: '<p>您好，该词条内容已较丰富，现仅对百科等级达到<b>四级</b>且通过率达到<b>85%</b>的科友开放编辑。</p><p>当您通过努力达到以上要求，就可以参与编辑该词条了。</p><p><img src="https://bkssl.bdimg.com/img/baike/usercenter/growuptask/star.gif" class="star" />参加<a target="_blank" href="/usercenter#guide">成长任务</a>，更快掌握百科编辑技巧，加速升级！</p>'
                    });
                    break;
                case 110008:
                    Dialog.alert({
                    title: '编辑提示',
                    mainMsg: '对不起，您暂时没���权限编辑该词条。',
                    subMsg: '<p>您好，该词条内容已较丰富，现仅对百科等级达到<b>六级</b>且通过率达到<b>85%</b>的科友开放编辑。</p><p>当您通过努力达到以上要求，就可以参与编辑该词条了。</p><p><img src="https://bkssl.bdimg.com/img/baike/usercenter/growuptask/star.gif" class="star" />参加<a target="_blank" href="/usercenter#guide">成长任务</a>，更快掌握百科编辑技巧，加速升级！</p>'
                    });
                    break;
                case 470001:
                    alert('系统错误，请刷新重试');
                    break;
                case 110003:
                    Dialog.alert({
                        title: '编辑提示',
                        subMsg: '很抱歉，该词条有其他用户编辑的版本正在提交，您暂时无法编辑。<br/>百科建议您晚些时候再编辑该词条，或者尝试编辑其他的词条。'
                    });
                    break;
            }
        } else {
            if (!res.data.right.noAudit) {
                Dialog.alert({
                    title: '编辑提示',
                    subMsg: '很抱歉，该词条有其他用户编辑的版本正在提交，您暂时无法编辑。<br/>百科建议您晚些时候再编辑该词条，或者尝试编辑其他的词条。'
                });
                return;
            }
            gotoEdit(url, res.data.notice.isMidNight);
        }
    }

    $(document.body).on('click', '.j-edit-link', function() {
        var dl = $(this).attr('data-edit-dl');
        if (dl) {
            var url = editUrl + '?dl=' + dl;
        } else {
            var url = editUrl;
        }

        rightCheck.preeditCheck('399200', '心电图', '心电图', '122074719', '', function(res) {
            if (!checkUserLegal(res)) {
                return;
            }
            if (isEnterprise && enterpriseOwnerUserId === userId) {
                showChoseEditDialog(function() {
                    location.href = pgcUrl;
                }, function() {
                    checkUgc(res, url);
                });
            } else {
                checkUgc(res, url);
            }
        });
    });
}();
!function(){  require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery","wiki-common:widget/component/footer/footer_feedback"], function($, feedback){
    feedback({el: '#J-bk-feedback-main'});
    feedback({el: '#J-bk-feedback-query', config: {
        appid: 215645,
        productLine: 20184,
        needContactWay: false,
        issuePlaceholder: '亲爱的百度百科用户，请在此填写您的质疑内容及原因哦～'
      },
      proData: {
        "kw": $('#J-bk-feedback-query').data('lemma')
      }
    });
  });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'),
      initSearchbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/searchbar-n/searchbar');  
    initSearchbar($('.wgt-searchbar-simple'));
  }();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/searchHeader/toolButtons-n/toolButtons"],function(init){
        init({
            lemmaId:"20611",
            subLemmaId:"20611",
            newLemmaId:"399200"
        });
    });
}();
!function(){    require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/searchHeader/toolButtons-n/userInfo')();
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'),
      animation = require('wiki-common:widget/util/animation'),
      nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog'),
      initSearchbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/searchbar/searchbar');

    var isFadeIn = false,
        isFadeOut = false;

    var fadeInAni, fadeOutAni;

    $(window).on('scroll', function(e) {
        var scrollTop = $(this).scrollTop();

        if (scrollTop > 200 && !isFadeIn && $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display') == 'none') {
            fadeOutAni && fadeOutAni.stop();
            fadeInAni = animation({
                duration: 200,
                easing: 'linear',
                onStart: function() {
                    isFadeOut = false;
                    isFadeIn = true;
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display', 'block');
                },
                onStep: function(progress) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('opacity', progress)
                },
                onComplete: function(progress) {
                    isFadeIn = false;
                    nslog(10010007);
                }
            });
        } else if (scrollTop <= 200 && !isFadeOut && $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display') == 'block') {
            fadeInAni && fadeInAni.stop();
            fadeOutAni = animation({
                duration: 300,
                easing: 'linear',
                onStart: function() {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader #suggestion').hide();
                    isFadeIn = false;
                    isFadeOut = true;
                },
                onStep: function(progress) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('opacity', 1 - progress);
                },
                onComplete: function(progress) {
                    isFadeOut = false;
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display', 'none');
                }
            });
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/newSideShare/qzopensl');
    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/newSideShare/taskSideShare"],function(taskShare){
        taskShare.init({
            title: '心电图',
            desc: "\u5fc3\u7535\u56fe\uff08ECG\u6216\u8005EKG\uff09\u662f\u5229\u7528\u5fc3\u7535\u56fe\u673a\u4ece\u4f53\u8868\u8bb0\u5f55\u5fc3\u810f\u6bcf\u4e00\u5fc3\u52a8\u5468\u671f\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7535\u6d3b\u52a8\u53d8\u5316\u56fe\u5f62\u7684\u6280\u672f\u3002",
            pic: '',
            url: '',
            qqPic: '',
            newLemmaId: '399200',
            lemmaTitle: '心电图'
        });
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var nslog = require("wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog");
    var testElem = require('wiki-common:widget/component/testElem/testElem');
    var cmsModuleLoader = require('wiki-common:widget/component/cmsModuleLoader/cmsModuleLoader');

    function requireAsync() {
        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/tools/announcement/announcement']);
    }

    cmsModuleLoader('/api/wikiui/getlemmaconfig', [{
        name: 'announcement',
        script: 'wiki-lemma:widget/tools/announcement/announcement.js'
    }]);

    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/lazyLoad/lazyLoad"], function(LazyLoad) {
        new LazyLoad();
    });

    require.async(['wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog','wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'], function(nslog, $) {
        nslog().setGlobal({
            lemmaId: "20611",
            newLemmaId: "399200",
            subLemmaId: "20611",
            lemmaTitle: "心电图"
        });

        // 词条页 pv
        nslog(9322);

        // 新版头部pv（小流量）
        if ($('.pc-header-new').length > 0) {
            nslog(9069);
        }

        // 链接点击 pv
        var lemmaPageRegExp = new RegExp(/\/subview\/\d+|\/view\/\d+|\/item\//i);
        $('body').on('mousedown', 'a', function() {
            var href = $(this).attr('href');
            if (href && href.indexOf('/') >= 0 && href.indexOf('#') !== 0) {
                // 链接点击 pv
                nslog(10000001);
                if (lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                    // 词条页链接点击 pv
                    nslog(10000002, window.location.href, {
                        targetTitle: $(this).text()
                    });
                }
            }
        });

        /****** 词条页站内流转需求统计 start ******/
        (function () {
            // 各种统计配置
            var circulationLinkCfg = {
                innerLink: [ // 内链
                    '.para',
                    '.lemmaWgt-baseInfo-simple-largeMovie',
                    '.lemmaWgt-baseInfo-simple-largeStar',
                    '.basic-info .basicInfo-block',
                    '.lemma-summary',
                    '.lemmaWgt-lemmaSummary',
                    '.view-tip-panel',
                    '.horizontal-module',
                    '.lemmaWgt-roleIntroduction',
                    '.dramaSeries .dramaSerialList',
                    '.module-music',
                    '.table-view',
                    '[log-set-param="table_view"]',
                    '.list-module',
                    '.cell-module',
                    '.baseBox .dl-baseinfo', // 配置后台字段
                    '.pvBtn-box .leadPVBtnWrapper',
                    '.drama-actor',
                    '#staffList',
                    '.starMovieAndTvplay',
                    '.main_tab:not(.main_tab-defaultTab)' // 除去词条tab外的tab
                ],
                relationTable: '.rs-container-foot', // 关系表
                peopleRelation: '.star-info-block.relations, .lemmaWgt-focusAndRelation', // 人物关系（明星+普通）
                moduleActors: '.featureBaseInfo .actors, .lemmaWgt-majorActors', // 主要演员、嘉宾、主持人
                moduleWorks: '.featureBaseInfo .works, .large-feature .works', // 代表作品
                moduleQuarterly: '.featureBaseInfo .po_quarterly, .mian_quarterly', // 分季介绍
                rankStar: '.rank-list.stars-rank', // 明星榜
                rankDrama: '.drama-rank-list', // 电视剧榜
                specialTopic: '.special-topic', // 专题模块
                modDetailTable: '#modDetailTable', // 关系表出图
                chuizhitu: '.chuizhitu', // 垂直化模块
                polysemantList: '.polysemantList-wrapper' // 义项切换
            };
            /****** 连接统计 ******/
            function clickNslogFn() {
                for (var k in circulationLinkCfg) {
                    if (k === 'innerLink') {
                        // 词条内链到词条页
                        var tempArr = circulationLinkCfg[k];
                        for (var i = 0, l = tempArr.length; i < l; i++) {
                            tempArr[i] += ' a';
                        }
                        var sSelector = tempArr.join(', ');

                        $('body').on('mousedown', sSelector, {key: k},function(e) {
                            var key = e.data.key;
                            var href = $(this).attr('href');
                            var tar = $(this).attr('target') || '';
                            if (href && href.indexOf('/') >= 0 && href.indexOf('#') !== 0
                            && tar === '_blank' && lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                                // 词条页普通内链点击 pv
                                nslog(10000004, null ,{division: key});
                            }
                        });
                    } else {
                        // 模块到词条页链接
                        $(circulationLinkCfg[k]).on('mousedown', 'a', {key: k}, function (e) {
                            var key = e.data.key;
                            var href = $(this).attr('href');
                            if (href && href.indexOf('#') !== 0 && lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                                // 词条页配置模块链接点击 pv
                                nslog(10000004, null, {division: key});
                            }
                        });
                    }
                }
            }
            // 发起统计请求
            clickNslogFn();

            /****** 各模块展现量pv ******/
            function checkModuleIsShow() {
                var result = [];
                for (var k in circulationLinkCfg) {
                    if (k !== 'innerLink' && k !== 'relationTable') {
                        !!$(circulationLinkCfg[k]).html() && result.push(k);
                    }
                }
                if (result.length > 0) {
                    nslog(10000005, null, {showModules: result.join(',')});
                }
            }
            checkModuleIsShow();

        })();
        /****** 词条页站内流转需求统计 end ******/

    });

    // 广告接入 wikiad 统一加载
    // log 词条页广告被拦截情况（此处 log 请求行为）
    nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
        api: 'lemma-ad',
        action: 'request'
    });
    var tags = {"1":{"tagId":75953,"tagName":"\u79d1\u5b66\u767e\u79d1\u75be\u75c5\u75c7\u72b6\u5206\u7c7b"},"0":{"tagId":0,"tagName":"\u79d1\u5b66"},"2":{"tagId":0,"tagName":"\u6280\u672f"}};
    var tagsArray = [];
    for (var key in tags) {
        tagsArray.push(tags[key].tagName);
    }
    $.ajax({
        type: 'GET',
        url: '/api/wikiad/getsquirrels',
        data: {
            lemmaId: 399200,
            tags: tagsArray.join()
        },
        cache: false,
        dataType: 'JSON',
        success: function (res) {
            // log 词条页广告被拦截情况（此处 log 请求成功）
            nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
                api: 'lemma-ad',
                action: 'success'
            });

            if (!res.errno) {
                if (res.data[5]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightPreciseAd/rightPreciseAd'], function(rightPreciseAd) {
                        rightPreciseAd(res.data[5]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[5][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[5][0].name,
                            adPos: 5
                        });
                    });
                } else if (res.data[1]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/vbaike/vbaike'], function(vbaike) {
                        vbaike(res.data[1]);
                        for(var i in res.data[1]) {
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[1][i].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[1][i].name,
                                adPos: 1
                            });
                        }
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[9]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightBigAd/rightBigAd'], function(rightBigAd) {
                        rightBigAd(res.data[9]);
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[9][0].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[9][0].name,
                                adPos: 9
                            });
                    });
                                    } else if(res.data[2]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/slide/slide'], function(slide) {
                        slide(res.data[2]);
                        for(var i in res.data[2]) {
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[2][i].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[2][i].name,
                                adPos: 2
                            });
                        }
                    });
                }
                if (res.data[3]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/topAd/topAd'], function(topAd) {
                        topAd(res.data[3]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[3][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[3][0].name,
                            adPos: 3
                        });
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[4]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightAd/rightAd'], function(rightAd) {
                        rightAd(res.data[4]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[4][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[4][0].name,
                            adPos: 4
                        });
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[15]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/banner/banner'], function(banner) {
                        banner(res.data[15]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[15][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[15][0].name,
                            adPos: 15
                        });
                    });
                }
                if (res.data[16]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/declaration/declaration'], function(declaration) {
                        declaration(res.data[16]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[16][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[16][0].name,
                            adPos: 16
                        });
                    })
                }
            } else {
                return;
            }

            setTimeout(function () {
                var elemArr = {};
                res.data[1] && res.data[1].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-vbaike-ad'] = $('.lemmaWgt-promotion-vbaike .promotion_viewport a:eq(0) img').get(0));
                res.data[2] && res.data[2].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-slide-ad'] = $('.lemmaWgt-promotion-slide .promotion_viewport a:eq(0) img').get(0));
                res.data[3] && res.data[3].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-navbar-ad'] = {
                    node: $('.header [nslog-type="10002202"]').get(0),
                    validations: {
                        'noBackgroundImage': function() {
                            return $('.header [nslog-type="10002202"]').css('background-image').indexOf(res.data[3][0].picUrl) < 0
                        }
                    }
                });
                res.data[4] && res.data[4].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-side-ad'] = {
                    node: $('.right-ad img').get(0),
                    validations: {
                        'noBackgroundImage': function() {
                            return $('.right-ad img').attr('src').indexOf(res.data[4][0].picUrl) < 0
                        }
                    }
                });
                res.data[15] && res.data[15].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-configModule-banner'] = $('.configModuleBanner').get(0));
                res.data[16] && res.data[16].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-configModule-declaration'] = $('.lemmaWgt-declaration').get(0));

                testElem.log(elemArr, 70000102);
            }, 1000);
        },
        error: function () {
            // log 词条页广告被拦截情况（此处 log 请求失败）
            nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
                api: 'lemma-ad',
                action: 'error'
            });
        }
    });

    // 设置分享内容
    window.BKShare.setCommon({
        bdText: "\u3010\u5fc3\u7535\u56fe_\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1\u3011\u5fc3\u7535\u56fe\uff08ECG\u6216\u8005EKG\uff09\u662f\u5229\u7528\u5fc3\u7535\u56fe\u673a\u4ece\u4f53\u8868\u8bb0\u5f55\u5fc3\u810f\u6bcf\u4e00\u5fc3\u52a8\u5468\u671f\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7535\u6d3b\u52a8\u53d8\u5316\u56fe\u5f62\u7684\u6280\u672f\u3002.....\uff08\u5206\u4eab\u81ea@\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1\uff09",
        bdDesc: '',
        bdUrl: 'http:\/\/baike.baidu.com\/item\/%E5%BF%83%E7%94%B5%E5%9B%BE\/399200',
        bdPic: '',
        onBeforeClick: function (){
            $('.bdshare_dialog_box').hide();
        }
    });

    // 底部投诉带入当前页面 url
    var map = [1, 2, 6, 5];
    $('.wgt-footer-main .suggestion').find('a').each(function(i) {
        $(this).attr('href', 'http://help.baidu.com/newadd?word=%E5%BF%83%E7%94%B5%E5%9B%BE' + '&&submit_link=' + encodeURIComponent(window.location.href) + '&prod_id=10&category=' + map[i]);
    });

    // 为超出预设内容的表格添加table-responsive控制
    $('.main-content').find('table').each(function(index) {
        var $that = $(this);
        if ($that.width() > 790) {
            $that.wrap('<div class="table-responsive"></div>');
        }
    });
}();
!function(){      require('wiki-common:widget/component/psLink/psLink');
    }();</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
  var Hunter = window.Hunter || {};
  Hunter.userConfig = Hunter.userConfig || [];
  </script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://gss0.baidu.com/70cFsjip0QIZ8tyhnq/hunter/baike.js?st=17715" defer></script><script type="text/javascript">
  // DOM Ready时，统计用户可操作时间。
  alog('speed.set', 'drt', +new Date);

  void function(a,b,c,d,e,f){function g(b){a.attachEvent?a.attachEvent("onload",b,!1):a.addEventListener&&a.addEventListener("load",b)}function h(a,c,d){d=d||15;var e=new Date;e.setTime((new Date).getTime()+1e3*d),b.cookie=a+"="+escape(c)+";path=/;expires="+e.toGMTString()}function i(a){var c=b.cookie.match(new RegExp("(^| )"+a+"=([^;]*)(;|$)"));return null!=c?unescape(c[2]):null}function j(){var a=i("PMS_JT");if(a){h("PMS_JT","",-1);try{a=a.match(/{["']s["']:(\d+),["']r["']:["']([\s\S]+)["']}/),a=a&&a[1]&&a[2]?{s:parseInt(a[1]),r:a[2]}:{}}catch(c){a={}}a.r&&b.referrer.replace(/#.*/,"")!=a.r||alog("speed.set","wt",a.s)}}if(a.alogObjectConfig){var k=a.alogObjectConfig.sample,l=a.alogObjectConfig.rand;d="https:"===a.location.protocol?"https://fex.bdstatic.com"+d:"http://fex.bdstatic.com"+d,k&&l&&l>k||(g(function(){alog("speed.set","lt",+new Date),e=b.createElement(c),e.async=!0,e.src=d+"?v="+~(new Date/864e5)+~(new Date/864e5),f=b.getElementsByTagName(c)[0],f.parentNode.insertBefore(e,f)}),j())}}(window,document,"script","/hunter/alog/dp.min.js");
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